[1](a)A student measures the length of a pencil using a 30 cm ruler and records 12.3 cm. State the reading that should be recorded if the ruler has divisions every 0.1 cm, including the uncertainty.

[2](b)A digital stopwatch reads 35.8 s for 20 complete oscillations of a pendulum. Calculate the period of one oscillation.

[2](c)Explain why timing 20 oscillations, rather than 1, gives a more accurate value for the period.

[2](a)A rectangular metal block has length 5.0 cm, width 3.0 cm and height 2.0 cm. Calculate its volume.

[2](b)The block has a mass of 84 g. Calculate its density in g/cm³.

[1](c)Use the density value to suggest which metal the block is most likely made of (aluminium ≈ 2.7 g/cm³, iron ≈ 7.9 g/cm³, or copper ≈ 8.9 g/cm³), giving a reason.

[1](a)A simple pendulum of length 0.80 m takes 35.8 s to complete 20 oscillations. Calculate the period T.

[3](b)Use T = 2π√(L/g) to calculate a value for the acceleration of free fall, g.

[2](a)State one instrument, other than a ruler, that could be used to measure the diameter of a wire, and explain why it is more suitable.

[3](b)A student wants to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped stone. Describe a method using a measuring cylinder.

[1](a)Convert 3.2 km to metres.

[1](a)Convert 250 milliseconds to seconds.

[2](a)A micrometer screw gauge has a main scale reading of 4.5 mm and a thimble reading of 23 divisions, where each division is 0.01 mm. Calculate the total reading.

[2](a)A length is recorded as 12.30 ± 0.05 cm. Calculate the percentage uncertainty in this measurement, to 2 significant figures.

[2](a)State two precautions that should be taken when using a measuring cylinder to reduce reading errors.

[2](a)Explain why a set-square is used alongside a ruler when measuring the height of a small object, rather than the ruler alone.